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Archive for August, 2008

As the researches are progressing to know more about pheromones, the queries of human being related to this is also increasing. Now people are trying to know is there any dissimilarity between cologne and pheromone. They are also trying to know the factors that differentiate cologne from pheromones.

 

Pheromones, on the other hand, are quite different. Instead of the wide palette of components that go into male colognes, there are just three substances that have been identified in research testing as human male pheromones: androstadienone (sometimes called AND), androstenol, and androstenone. Of these, only the first two have been proven to have positive effects on women. When the third, androstenone, is available in large enough concentrations to have a discernible aroma, women find it unpleasant. Research also shows that it negatively affects their moods.

While strong concentrations of male pheromones do have an aroma, most scientists who study male pheromones agree that their impact on women isn’t a function of how they smell. In fact, recent studies take steps to make sure that women participants can’t consciously detect any pheromone fragrance.

Colognes are carefully formulated and tested to have maximum sensory appeal to women by incorporating aromas like cedar, amber, and citrus and spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, and cumin, Their unique scent blends are distinctive—each one part of a $2.2 billion market in the United States for men’s fragrances.

Women care about the way men smell, so much so that more than half of men’s fragrances are purchased by women for men. A great fragrance is a detail about a man that women notice, consciously appreciate, and remember.
There’s even some debate about whether women detect human male pheromones through a sensory input system that’s separate from the receptors in the nasal passages and the nerve cells in the brain that detect and process olfactory (sense of smell) input. In other animals, this separate system hinges on a brain structure called Jacobsen’s organ or the vomeronasal organ (VNO). The presence and function of the VNO in other species is clearly established—it bypasses most of the brain, sending signals from pheromones directly to the part of the brain that interfaces with the endocrine (hormone) system.

The VNO has been located in the human brain, but the extent to which it functions to detect pheromones is still unknown. Nevertheless, there’s convincing evidence that human male pheromones have certain effects on women: increasing and regulating levels of circulating hormones like estrogen and progesterone, increasing attention and focus, improving moods, and impacting the way women evaluate photographs of unfamiliar men.

These effects of male pheromones occur completely below the level of conscious awareness. Women don’t notice or consciously appreciate the presence of male pheromones; they simply respond to them, physically and psychologically.
Theoretically, you could use your favorite aftershave or cologne and a pheromone preparation. However, most commercially available male pheromones are fragrances, so you—and she—might not care for the blend of scents that results.

Some cologne contains male pheromones as a component, adding the unconscious impact of pheromones to the conscious appreciation of personal scent.  It’s important to understand that androstadienone or androstenol are the only two human male pheromones that have yet been proven to have an effect on women. Formulations that don’t specifically mention these two constituents are less likely to provide the documented benefits of male pheromones.

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Pheromone is one of debated issues in the present days. Scientists are engaged in doing several investigations to know the effect of pheromone in women. They are trying to find out the effect of pheromones on the mental activities of a woman. They are also trying to trace it’s effect on the female hormone.
In one of the earliest studies of the effect of male pheromones on women’s moods, samples from the underarms of men were applied to the upper lips of women. The men had refrained from using deodorant for four weeks, presumably because the antibacterial properties of deodorant can inhibit the conversion of secretions from the apocrine glands in the underarm into the pheromones androstenol and androstenone.

(While application to the upper lip might sound like a bizarre ritual, it mimics the circumstances under which pheromones transfer from men to women. An extended period of contact is usually involved—and the women wore the pheromones on their upper lips for six hours. The application directly under their nostrils also ensured that their brains received a continual stream of chemical messages. Finally, pheromones often transfer from men to women via direct skin contact, through shaking hands, hugging, or even a casual kiss of greeting.)
The primary difficulty in evaluating the impact of male pheromones on emotions and perceptions of women is that these factors are subjective. That is to say, unlike hormone levels and brain activity as measured by sophisticated scanning techniques, they can’t be objectively measured.

Another difficulty in this type of study is that they tend to use extracts from the underarms of men. They include a number of substances that are believed to function as pheromones: androstadienone or AND, androstenol, and androstenone. As you’ll see below, these substances seem to have conflicting or opposite effects on women’s perceptions, making it difficult to attribute a response to any one male pheromone.
The women were unaware that the substance they were testing was male pheromones; they believed it was a household product that was being readied for the market. In any event, they were asked to rate their moods during a six-hour period. The women reported feeling calmer and more relaxed.

A similar study applied androstadienone to the upper lips and necks of women and gave them a series of psychological tests that lasted for two hours. The tests were tedious, and women who received androstadienone maintained their initially positive mood far longer than did women who received an inert control substance.

In another study, both men and women wore masks to which androstenol had been applied. They then rated photographs of strangers. Women represented in photographs were perceived to be more attractive, sexier, and friendlier than when rated by people who were not exposed to androstenol. The men pictured were perceived to be more warm and approachable.

The same methodology applied to another substance that’s part of underarm secretions—androstenone—revealed that women rated their own mood as less sexy while evaluating pictures of men.

Do pheromone-influenced perceptions results in more sexual activity?

The only study that seems to document this connection found that men who used a male pheromone product for six weeks experienced more sexual behavior involving a female partner than did men who didn’t use the product. Objections to this study include the fact that the chemical formulation of the pheromone product—and even what male pheromones it contained—was not disclosed. The results of this study have not been duplicated elsewhere. 
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The secretions of the male pheromones are known for helping men to attract women. It is not true for every woman. There are several factors that determine the attraction of a woman for a man. The recent studies have identified two major factors that causes attraction of the women for a man.

Apocrine glands located in the armpits, chest, and groin secrete pheromones. These secretions are actually odorless as they emerge from the gland but, the instant they come into contact with the skin, they’re chemically altered, acquiring a characteristic scent in the process.

This chemical alteration occurs as a result of contact with the hordes of bacteria that coat the surface of the skin. Dozens of different bacteria live in harmony on everyone’s skin, and the particular mix of bacteria on any one person’s skin is largely a function of his immune system. And the mix of bacteria determines the precise nature of the chemical message in his pheromones. One man’s immune system tolerates a particular type of bacteria better than another, so his particular pheromones are slightly different from those of the man sitting right beside him.
First of all, pheromones convey very individualized information about a man. One of the most important pieces of information conveyed is about his immune system and, from an evolutionary perspective, this is critical to mate selection by women.

Without being aware of it, women receive a chemical message from pheromones that includes a bulletin on the state of a man’s immune system. And, far below the level of conscious awareness, women are attracted to men whose immune systems are slightly different from their own. This is rather an amazing way of our species propagating itself in the most effective manner possible, because mates with slightly different immune systems confer a broader overall immune competence on their children.

The other factor that helps determine whether or not women find pheromones attractive is the timing of their menstrual cycle. Several studies have attempted to pin down the nature of this relationship, but the results have been contradictory so far. One researcher found that women are most acutely sensitive to the subtle fragrance of pheromones around the time they ovulate. Another found that women in the first part of their menstrual cycle—before ovulation—found one type of male pheromone attractive and another one offensive. Around the time of ovulation, these effects disappeared.

The science of human pheromones is relatively new—less than two decades old—so there simply haven’t been enough studies conducted yet to confirm the precise effect of the timing of a woman’s fertility cycle on how she perceives pheromones. They strongly suggest that a relationship exists and this, too, makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. We just don’t yet know the exact nature of the relationship.

Finally, women perceive different male pheromones differently. Androstenol is almost always perceived as pleasant, while androstenone is either perceived as unpleasant or stimulates negative emotions towards men. This mimics the effect of different pheromones in other species, where they can function to either attract or repel potential mates.

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